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来源Global warming pushes 2010 temperatures to record highs | Environment | guardiancouk
译者surestar
Global temperatures in the first half of the year were the hottest since records began more than a century ago, according to two of the world’s leading climate research centres.
据两家世界权威气候研究中心称，自从一个多世纪前有记录以来，今年上半年的全球温度是最热的。
Scientists have also released what they described as the “best evidence yet” of rising long-term temperatures. The report is the first to collate 11 different indicators – from air and sea temperatures to melting ice – each one based on between three and seven data sets, dating back to between 1850 and the 1970s.
科学家们还发布了被其形容为长期温度在上升的“迄今最有力证据”。该报告首次整理比较了11项不同指标——从空气与海洋温度到融冰——每项指标都基于3-7种数据集，时间追溯至1850-1970年代。
The newly released data follows months of scrutiny of climate science after sceptics claimed leaked emails from the University of East Anglia (UEA) suggested temperature records had been manipulated – a charge rejected by three inquiries.
全球变暖怀疑论者声称东安格利亚大学（UEA）泄露的邮件里暗示温度记录遭篡改——该指控已被三项调查所驳回。历经之后数月气候学的详细审查，该数据才得以新近发布。
Publishing the newly collated data in London, Peter Stott, the head of climate modelling at the UK Met Office, said despite variations between individual years, the evidence was unequivocal: “When you follow those decade-to-decade trends then you see clearly and unmistakably signs of a warming world”.
英国气象局气候模拟部门负责人斯托特（Peter Stott）在伦敦公布了新整理的数据，他称尽管各年间温度存在差异，该证据仍是确凿无疑的：“当你追踪年代间的趋势，那么便可以清晰无误地观察到世界变暖的迹象。”
“That’s a very remarkable result, that all those data sets agree,” he added. “It’s the clearest evidence in one place from a range of different indices.”
“这是一个十分引人关注的结果，所有数据集都一致支持。”他补充道，“该证据把一系列不同指标汇集到一起，因而它是最清晰的。”
Currently 1998 is the hottest year on record. Two combined land and sea surface temperature records from Nasa’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the US National Climatic Data Centre (NCDC) both calculate that the first six months of 2010 were the hottest on record. According to GISS, four of the six months also individually showed record highs.
当前记录在案的最热一年是1998年。两组分别来自NASA戈达德太空研究所（GISS）和美国国家气候数据中心（NCDC）的兼备陆地与海表温度记录都测算出：2010年的前6个月是有史以来最热的。据GISS的记录，6个月中有4个月同时创造了单月最高记录。
A third leading monitoring programme, by the Met Office, shows this period was the second hottest on record, after 1998, with two months this year – January and March – being hotter than their equivalents 12 years ago.
由英国气象局完成的一项第三方权威性监测计划显示，本段时间是有史以来第二热的，列于1998年之后，但今年有两个月份——1月和3月——则比之12年前的同期要更热。
The Met Office said the variations between the figures published by the different organisations are because the Met Office uses only temperature observations, Nasa makes estimates for gaps in recorded data such as the polar regions, and the NCDC uses a mixture of the two approaches. The latest figures will give weight to predictions that this year could become the hottest on record.
英国气象局道出了不同组织发布的数字互有出入的原因：气象局仅采用温度观测数据，而Nasa会对缺失记录的数据，如极地数据予以估测，NCDC则兼用这两种方法。最新的数字将为“今年乃史上最热一年”的预测提供有力证据。
Despite annual fluctuations, the figures also highlight the clear trend for the 2000s to be hotter than the 1990s, which in turn were clearly warmer than the previous decade, said Stott.
“且不论每年的波动，该组数字也彰显出如下显著趋势：2000年代比1990年代更热，依次地，1990年代又比前十年更热。”斯托特说道。
“These numbers are not theory, but fact, indicating that the Earth’s climate is moving into uncharted territory,” said Rafe Pomerance, a senior fellow at Clean Air Cool Planet, a US group dedicated to helping find solutions to global warming.
致力于寻求全球变暖解决方案的美国组织Clean Air Cool Planet的资深研究员珀默兰斯（Rafe Pomerance）强调：“这些数字可不只是理论，而是活生生的事实，它们预示着地球气候正步入前途未卜的区域。”
The Met Office published its full list of global warming indicators, compiled by Hadley Centre researcher John Kennedy. It formed part of the State of the Climate 2009 report published as a special bulletin of the American Meteorological Society by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which runs the NCDC temperature series.
英国气象局公布了全球变暖指标的全部名单，该名单由哈德利中心（Hadley Center）研究员肯尼迪（John Kennedy）编制完成。美国国家海洋与大气管理局以美国气象学会特别公告形式发布的2009年国家气候报告里用到了其中部分指标，而海洋与大气管理局运行的是NCDC的温度系列。
Seven of the indicators rose over the last few decades, indicating “clear warming trends”, although these all included annual fluctuations up and down. One of these was air temperature over land – including data from the Climatic Research Unit at the UEA, whose figures were under scrutiny after hacked emails were posted online in November 2009, but the graphic also included figures from six other research groups all showing the same overall trends despite annual differences.
虽说这些指标每年都会上下波动，今年却有七项指标凌驾于过去几十年之上，呈现出“明显的变暖趋势”。这其中有一项是地面空气温度——包括了UEA气候研究中心的数据，在被黑邮件于2009年11月贴在网上之后，该中心的数字遭详细审查，不过该图表还包括了其他六家研究组织的数据，不论年度差异，这些数字均显示了如出一辙的总体趋势。
The other six rising indicators were sea surface temperatures, collected by six groups; ocean heat to 700m depth from seven groups; air temperatures over oceans (five data sets); the tropospheric temperature in the atmosphere up to 1km up (seven); humidity caused by warmer air absorbing more moisture (three); and sea level rise as hotter oceans expand and ice melts (six).
另六项上升指标是海表温度，采自6家组织；700米深处海洋热度，采自7家组织；海面空气温度（5数据集）；大气层1千米以上对流层温度（7数据集）；因热空气吸收更多水分而导致的湿度（3数据集）和海洋转热扩张及冰融化导致的海平面上升（6数据集）。
Another four indicators showed declining figures over time, again consistent with global warming: northern hemisphere snow cover (two data sets), Arctic sea ice extent (three); glacier mass loss (four); and the temperature of the stratosphere. This last cooling effect is caused by a decline in ozone in the stratosphere which prevents it absorbing as much ultraviolet radiation from the sun above.
另有四项指标的数字呈下降趋势，却依然与全球变暖相容：北半球积雪（2数据集），北极海冰广度（3数据集）；冰川质量亏损（4数据集）以及平流层温度。最后一项变冷效应是由于平流层臭氧减少所致，而臭氧可抑制平流层从太阳吸收紫外线。
One key data set omitted was sea ice in the Antarctic, because it was increasing in some areas and decreasing in others, due to reduced ozone causing changes in wind patterns and sea-surface circulation. This data set showed no clear trend, said Stott. These figures were also in the last report from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007.
忽略掉的一项关键性数据是南极海冰，因为海冰数量在某些区域是上升的，而另一些区域则下降了，这与臭氧减少所致的季风模式和海表环流的变化有关。斯托特坦言，该数据集显示不出明确的趋势。这组数字也曾出现在联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）2007年的最后一份报告中。
“It’s not that the IPCC didn’t look at this data, of course they did, but they didn’t put it all together in one place,” he added.
“并非IPCC没看到这份数据，他们自然是看了，只是他们未能将所有的放在一起研究。”他补充道。
The cause of the warming was “dominated” by greenhouse gases emitted by human activity, said Stott. “It’s possible there’s some [other] process which can amplify other effects, such as radiation from the sun, [but] the evidence is so clear the chance there’s something we haven’t thought of seems to be getting smaller and smaller,” he said.
“变暖的最大祸首是人类活动释放的温室气体。”斯托特说道，“不排除有些（其它）过程可以放大如太阳辐射之类的其他效应，（但是）证据如此清晰，看来真是没多少我们不曾考虑到的了。”
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